What is the difference between active and passive investing?

What is the difference between active and passive investing?

Feature
Active Investing
Passive Investing
1. Meaning
Trying to beat the market by picking specific stocks or funds
Tracking the market by investing in an index (like Nifty 50 or Sensex)
2. Who manages it?
Fund manager or investor actively makes decisions
Automatically follows an index with minimal changes
3. Strategy
Frequent buying and selling based on research, timing
Buy-and-hold strategy with long-term focus
4. Cost
Higher (due to management fees and transaction costs)
Lower (fewer transactions, minimal management)
5. Risk
Higher risk due to market timing and stock selection
Lower risk as it spreads money across many companies
6. Returns
Can be higher—but not guaranteed
Usually matches market returns
7. Examples (India)
Actively managed mutual funds
Index funds, ETFs like Nifty 50 ETF, Sensex ETF
8. Suitable for
Investors who want to try and outperform the market and are okay with higher risk
Beginners or long-term investors looking for steady growth.